Topics / Spotlights
Counter Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Policies and Efforts in Central and South America
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Oct 1, 2025 — Confronting Asymmetric Innovation: The Policy Challenge of Drone Warfare: Evolution of Offensive Tactics by Non-State Actors : Mexican cartels and Colombian insurgent groups, such as the ELN and FARC dissidents, have transitioned from using drones for surveillance to employing them as "aerial force multipliers". These groups are mimicking tactics used in Ukraine, modifying commercial drones into sophisticated first-person view (FPV) attack platforms and even deploying autonomous "narco-submarines" equipped with satellite internet for smuggling. A Gap Between Doctrine and Capability: While national forces in countries like Colombia are actively updating their military strategies to address drone-enabled warfare, their actual capabilities are lagging. There is a significant disconnect where strategic doctrine is outpacing resources, leaving forces vulnerable because the political will and funding required for counter-UAV systems and force hardening have not yet met the needs of the updated strategy. Proposals for Regional Collective Defense : Because drones evolve faster than national laws, there is a push for a coordinated regional response through the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Rio Treaty. Suggested efforts include sharing intelligence, harmonizing export controls on dual-use components, and pooling resources for counter-drone training, though these are often hindered by regional political frictions and diplomatic sensitivities
Dr. Dorian B. Kantor, Felipe SantoFimio Nevares Jack D. Gordon Institute for Public Policy
Jan 1, 2025 — Successful practices in regulatory frameworks and regulations against the use of aerial drones for criminal purposes in ports: cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico.: Brazil leads the region in structured C-UAS response, while Mexico faces the most violent threats. Brazil is identified as having the most advanced and structured response, utilizing specialized Federal Police units equipped with radar and electronic countermeasures at critical ports. In contrast, Mexico grapples with the most sophisticated criminal use of drones, including explosive attacks and high-level surveillance by cartels, while Argentina's efforts remain in an early, largely reactive phase characterized by limited investment in anti-drone technology. Criminal organizations use UAS for sophisticated logistics and intimidation. In Brazil, drones are used for "Rip-on / Rip-off" scams to intervene in containers, while in Mexico, they are used to transport narcotics between land and ships and to intimidate port personnel by filming them and their families. Across the region, drones also serve as tools for pre-reconnaissance, mapping port infrastructure to detect blind spots in traditional security surveillance. Counter-UAS efforts combine non-kinetic technology with aggressive legislative reforms. Countries are deploying non-kinetic countermeasures, such as radio frequency (RF) scanners to detect signals and electronic inhibitors (jammers) to force unauthorized drones to land. On the legal front, Mexico has implemented some of the world's harshest penalties, amending its Federal Penal Code in 2024 to allow for up to 53 years in prison for the criminal use of drones.
Jun 11, 2026 — Illicit Innovation: Latin America Is Not Prepared to Fight Criminal Drones: Rapid Escalation of Weaponized Drone Use by TCOs : Criminal groups, particularly in Mexico, have transitioned from using drones for simple surveillance to conducting sophisticated aerial attacks. For example, drone attacks in Mexico rose from just five in 2020 to 260 in the first half of 2023 alone. The Jalisco Cartel New Generation (CJNG) has even established a dedicated "Drone Operators" unit and recently began experimenting with high-precision first-person view (FPV) drones. Emerging State Procurement and Indigenous Innovation: While Latin American security forces have historically been underprepared, several countries are now actively investing in C-UAS capabilities. Colombia recently purchased $25 million in anti-drone systems from U.S. firm Dedrone Tactical to protect military bases, while Brazil has begun testing an indigenously produced active electronically scanned radar designed to detect small UAS and low-observable threats. Peru and Mexico have also initiated procurement of anti-drone equipment. Significant Defensive and Asymmetric Challenges : Governments face a major "asymmetric disadvantage" because inexpensive commercial drones can be easily modified into "miniature air forces," whereas effective defense systems are cost-prohibitive and difficult to deploy across vast rural areas. Furthermore, TCOs are beginning to acquire their own countermeasures; for instance, members of the Sinaloa Cartel have been seen using C-UAS jammers valued at approximately $100,000 to defend against rival drones.
Henry Ziemer Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)
Mar 1, 2025 — The Rising Threat of Non-State Actor Commercial Drone Use: Emerging Capabilities and Threats: Anticipated Expansion by Cartels : Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) drones are cheap, widely available, require minimal training, and can carry lethal payloads (e.g., 91% of surveyed DJI models can carry at least a 40mm grenade). It explicitly notes that the upward trend in non-state actor drone use is likely to expand beyond current theaters as “other non-state actors such as the cartels expand their capabilities,” a direct warning for Latin America, where organized crime already employs drones for ISR, smuggling, and intimidation. High Economic Barriers for Defense: While the drones used by actors like cartels are inexpensive, effective C-UAS defense mechanisms are costly, with initial procurement often exceeding $100,000 and advanced electronic warfare systems reach into the millions. This creates an asymmetric challenge where cheap, low-flying commercial drones can outpace the development and deployment of expensive defense strategies.
Jake Dulligan, Laura Freeman, Austin Phoenix, Bradley Davis Combating Terrorism Center, West Point
Jan 1, 2022 — Scanning the Horizon: Drones and Counter-narcotics in Latin America: Industrial Approaches : The defense industrial approaches of the different countries range from the utilization of already existing capacities to elaborate international co-development and co-production schemes. The deployment of drones, however, has contributed to the long-term process of blurring the lines between state activities (counter-narcotics, counterinsurgency, and border patrol). Use of Drones by State Actors : Despite a few voices calling for weaponization, drones remain unarmed and no Latin American government has carried out a kinetic operation. Drones, however, have participated in more indirect forms of violence (e.g. crop spraying) and the intelligence provided by drones has aided governments in kill/capture operations against drug traffickers, guerrilla members, and (illegal) border crossers.
Jochen Kleinschmidt, Luca Trentaa Global Drug Policy Observatory, Swansea University
Jul 1, 2018 — Unmanned Ambitions: Security implications of growing proliferation in emerging military drone markets: Reliance on International Collaboration : Due to limited funding and small development teams, South American countries frequently partner with established drone-producing nations. Notable examples include Brazil's collaboration with Israel to develop the Caçador MALE drone and Colombia's partnership with Spain and Airbus to produce the Atlante II. Focus on Domestic and Municipal Security : Unlike global powers that use drones for foreign conflicts, Latin American nations primarily utilize UAS for government security, including border patrols, anti-smuggling operations, and criminal activity monitoring. Major cities in Colombia, Brazil, and Chile also use drones for municipal surveillance and crowd control during major events. Emergence of Regional Tensions and Counter-UAS Measures : The proliferation of drones has led to unauthorized border crossings and subsequent defensive responses. For example, Paraguay has deployed jamming devices and interception UAVs specifically to curtail unauthorized flights by Brazilian drones within its airspace.
Sep 1, 2025 — Nuevo marco normativo para la operación de drones (New regulatory framework for drone operation): Simplified Classification System : Argentina has replaced its previous complex class ratings with a streamlined system of three categories: Open, Specific, and Certified. This new structure is aligned with European Union and international standards (ICAO), categorizing drones primarily by weight and risk—ranging from small drones under 25 kg in the Open category to heavy aircraft over 150 kg in the Certified category. Stringent Flight Restrictions and "No-Fly Zones": To maintain security and safety, the regulations prohibit drone operations in several sensitive areas without express authorization. These restrictions include a one nautical mile buffer around military installations, security forces, and government buildings like the Casa Rosada, as well as bans on flying over strategic infrastructure such as power plants and nuclear facilities. Implementation of Air Traffic Management (UTM) : As part of its effort to control and integrate drones into the national airspace, Argentina is progressively implementing an Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) system. This system, managed by air navigation service providers, aims to ensure the safe and efficient integration of RPA/RPAS into controlled airspace while ending previous monopolies on pilot training and instruction.
National Civil Aviation Administration, Ministry of Economy (Argentina)
Sep 1, 2025 — BULLRICH ENTREGA DRONES DE ÚLTIMA TECNOLOGÍA A LAS FUERZAS DE SEGURIDAD (BULLRICH DELIVERS STATE-OF-THE-ART DRONES TO SECURITY FORCES): Strategic Border and Urban Deployment : The drones are being distributed among all federal forces to ensure national coverage, with a specific focus on illegal border crossings and high-crime urban centers. These units are designed to operate in hostile environments—including mountains, jungles, and deserts—allowing for remote monitoring of large areas (up to 15 km in range) without the constant need for physical patrols. Advanced Operational Intelligence : These systems provide real-time live imagery to command-and-control centers, enabling immediate tactical responses. The technology includes thermal cameras for nighttime detection of human heat and vehicles, ultra-zoom capabilities, and high-endurance batteries allowing for over 8 hours of continuous operation for tracking criminal organizations involved in drug and human trafficking. Infrastructure for Specialized Training : To support this technological leap, Argentina has established a pilot school and utilizes simulators to train operators., This allows personnel to gain experience in a virtual environment before handling the actual equipment, ensuring they can manage the drones in extreme weather conditions (such as rain, snow, or temperatures as low as -10°C) without risking the physical assets.
Sep 1, 2025 — La ministra Patricia Bullrich entregó 69 drones de última generación a las Fuerzas Federales: Strategic Modernization for Crime Control : Argentina is making an unprecedented investment in UAS technology to position the country at the "forefront of surveillance and crime control". The delivery of 69 state-of-the-art drones (including DJI Matrice 30) to Federal Forces is specifically intended to strengthen the fight against organized crime and enhance aerial surveillance across the nation. Advanced Technological Specifications : The deployed equipment features high-end capabilities, including thermal cameras, high-precision zoom, and real-time transmission. These features enable the Federal Forces to conduct both day and night operations, significantly extending their surveillance range while reducing physical risk to personnel. Diverse Operational Applications : The UAS units are designated for a wide variety of security and humanitarian missions. Key applications include border control (specifically detecting illegal crossings), patrolling urban and rural areas, conducting criminal investigations, and executing rescue missions.
Jul 1, 2025 — ADMINISTRACIÓN NACIONAL DE AVIACIÓN CIVIL, Resolución 550/2025: Regional and International Harmonization : Argentina is actively updating its Argentine Civil Aviation Regulations (RAAC) to ensure they are compatible with international standards from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the Latin American Aeronautical Regulations (LAR). This effort involves specialized commissions of experts analyzing existing national laws to ensure they meet global safety and operational benchmarks. Transition to Risk-Based Operational Categories : The new regulations move away from general oversight toward a risk-based approach by establishing distinct operational categories. These include "Open" (Categoría Abierta) for lower-risk flights and "Specific" (Categoría Específica) for more complex operations, allowing for a more nuanced and flexible management of the UAS sector. Economic Deregulation and Innovation : A primary driver of these updates is a broader national policy of economic liberalization, intended to remove bureaucratic obstacles that hinder the air transport industry. The regulations are designed to promote free competition and attract private investment by simplifying administrative processes and fostering a "proactive culture" of innovation within the unmanned aviation market.
National Civil Aviation Administration (ANAC), Ministry of Transport (Argentina)
Feb 1, 2025 — SEI/ERJ-115005303 - Termo de Referência de Material/Serviço (SEI/ERJ-115005303 - Material/Service Reference Term): Growing Threats from Criminal Factions: In Rio de Janeiro, criminal organizations are increasingly using drones for tactical surveillance of police operations, transporting drugs and weapons into prison complexes, and potentially launching explosive devices. These "agents of public order disturbance" (APOP) use sophisticated commercial and enterprise-grade drones to bypass physical barriers and monitor security forces in real-time. Prioritization of Jamming Technology (BSR): To counter these threats, institutional security agencies like the GSI-RJ are prioritizing the acquisition of portable Radio Frequency Signal Blockers (Jammers). These systems are designed to immediately neutralize unauthorized aircraft by interrupting the command, telemetry, and video transmission signals between the operator and the drone at distances of up to 2 kilometers. Operational Success and Regulatory Alignment: C-UAS technology has already proven critical in securing high-profile international events, such as the G20 summit in Rio de Janeiro, where jammers were used to neutralize unauthorized drones that breached restricted airspace. These efforts are strictly regulated by national telecommunications authorities, specifically ANATEL, to ensure that jamming frequencies do not interfere with essential communication services like 4G LTE networks.
Undersecretariat for Scenario Assessment and Strategic Intelligence, Brazil
Jan 1, 2025 — Declaración de secreta por razones de Seguridad Nacional la operación contractual para la adquisición de un sistema antidrones (Declaration of secret for reasons of National Security the contractual operation for the acquisition of an anti-drone system): Identification of Specific UAV Threats : The Argentine government views "civilian drones" as a major risk to internal security because they are easy to acquire and transport. Specific dangers cited include terrorist drone attacks, the delivery of contraband to penitentiary units, and the potential use of explosive-laden drones to facilitate prison escapes. National Security Classification : To maintain the effectiveness of its defense, the President of Argentina has declared the acquisition of an anti-drone system a national security secret. This classification is intended to prevent the public disclosure of specific technical capabilities, which could allow adversaries to use alternative technologies to circumvent or bypass the new defensive systems. Multi-Agency Implementation : The Ministry of Security is responsible for coordinating the doctrine and equipment of various national forces to mitigate these threats. This effort involves equipping and training the Argentine Federal Police, the Airport Security Police, the National Gendarmerie, the Naval Prefecture, and the Federal Penitentiary Service.
Jan 1, 2025 — El Ministerio de Seguridad argentino refuerza medidas contra el uso indebido de drones (The Argentine Ministry of Security is strengthening measures against the misuse of drones): Emerging Illicit Use Cases : The Argentinian Ministry of Security has identified a significant rise in the "misuse" of drones, specifically citing their application in terrorist activities and the increasing trend of using them to smuggle illegal objects into penitentiary units. Deployment of Neutralization Technology : In response to these threats, the government is acquiring specialized equipment designed to neutralize unauthorized drones. This technology is intended to protect sensitive infrastructure and ensure control over high-security installations. Classification of Defense Capabilities : To maintain the effectiveness of these new systems, the technical details and specific capabilities of the acquired c-UAS technology have been classified as national security secrets. This strategic decision is intended to prevent adversaries from learning how to evade or adapt to the security forces' new defensive tools.
Jan 1, 2025 — SEGURIDAD NACIONAL - Decreto 21/2025: Recognition of Drones as Strategic Threats : The Ministry of Security has identified a "pressing need" to upgrade technical capabilities to counter civilian drones (VANT). These devices are viewed as significant risks to strategic objectives and public safety due to their low cost, wide range, and ease of operation. Identification of Specific Criminal Uses : Argentine authorities have documented several high-risk scenarios involving the misuse of drones. These include terrorist-style attacks, the delivery of contraband into penitentiary units, and the potential use of drones carrying explosives to facilitate inmate escapes. Classification of Counter-UAS Acquisitions as State Secrets : To maintain operational effectiveness, the President of Argentina has declared the acquisition of anti-drone systems a secret of National Security. This classification is intended to prevent adversaries from learning about the specific technologies being used, which would allow them to find ways to bypass or evade the defense systems.
Dec 1, 2019 — Reglamento de Vehículos Aéreos No Tripulados (VANT) y Sistemas de Vehículos Aéreos No Tripulados (SVANT) (Regulation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems (UAVS)): Legal Authorization for Signal Interference (Counter-UAS): While the regulation generally prohibits the third-party interference or inhibition of UAS signals, it grants an explicit exception for public security forces and public airport operators. These entities are authorized to interfere with or inhibit drone signals when necessary to prevent unauthorized operations in restricted zones, serving as a primary legal basis for counter-UAS activities in the country. Establishment and Enforcement of "No Drone Zones": The Argentine government has the authority to designate specific areas as "No Drone Zones" (Zonas libres de VANTs) where all operations are prohibited. To ensure compliance, the aeronautical authority is empowered to request the assistance of security forces and air navigation service providers to prevent, stop, or impede any drone flight that represents a risk or violates these restricted airspaces. Comprehensive Categorization and Registration Mandates : Argentina employs a strict classification system for UAS based on weight (Classes A through E) and intent (recreational, commercial, scientific, security, or sporting). Almost all drones—with the exception of small recreational Class A units—must be inscribed in the National Aircraft Registry, and commercial operators are required to obtain a specific "CE-VANT" certificate to ensure accountability and safety oversight.
National Civil Aviation Administration (ANAC), Ministry of Transport (Argentina)
Jan 1, 2013 — Desarrollos de UAVs en Argentina (Developments of UAS in Argentina): Argentina’s Role as a Regional Pioneer : Argentina is described as a pioneer in Latin America for developing its own UAS technology, distinguishing it from other Southern Cone nations that typically import finished products or manufacture them under foreign licenses. For example, while Argentina pursues indigenous projects across its military branches, Brazil has opted to produce the Israeli VANT model under license from Elbit Systems. Strategic Dual-Use and Resource Preservation : UAS are considered a fundamental pillar of aerospace power for South American nations to guarantee territorial integrity and the preservation of natural resources. These systems are valued for their dual-use capabilities, serving military intelligence and defense needs while simultaneously supporting internal security tasks like border control, tax collection, and firefighting. Counter-UAS Training via Target Simulation : To prepare against aerial threats, the region utilizes specific "Target" (Blanco) UAVs designed to simulate enemy attacks. Systems like the Tehuelche 320 and the Petrel Jet ADS 201 are specifically developed to train and instruct anti-aircraft artillery units and short-to-long-range defense systems, serving as a primary method for exercising counter-aerial capabilities.
Escuela Superior de Guerra Aérea (ESGA) (Air War College, Argentina)
Nov 1, 2024 — EDGE Group Expands Partnership with Brazilian Navy to Develop and Deploy Counter-Drone Systems: Collaborative Development for Naval Defense : The partnership focuses on deepening technical and operational cooperation to create autonomous surface and aerial defense systems. This includes sharing knowledge to build sophisticated anti-drone solutions specifically tailored for naval applications and multi-layered fleet responses. Integration of Advanced Technologies : The C-UAS systems being developed incorporate a combination of high-value sensors, such as radars and electro-optics, and signal-jamming capabilities. These integrated technologies are designed to detect, track, and neutralize threats by disrupting the control signals of unmanned vehicles. Sovereign Capability and Export Ambitions : Beyond meeting immediate sovereign defense needs, the collaboration aims to position Brazil and the EDGE Group as leaders in the field. A long-term goal of this partnership is to eventually provide these modern defense technologies to international export markets.
Jul 1, 2024 — Sistema Antidrone reforça poder de defesa do Exército (Anti-drone system reinforces the Army's defense capabilities): Integration into Strategic Infrastructure : The Brazilian Army is integrating the SCE 0100 Anti-Drone System into the SAD/SISFRON Project. This integration is specifically designed to protect mobile troops and critical infrastructure from increasingly sophisticated asymmetric threats. Neutralization via Radio Frequency Jamming : The system employs radio frequency jamming to neutralize Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS). By interrupting the communication between a drone and its operator, the technology can force the device to perform a controlled landing or an automatic return to its point of origin. Emphasis on Domestic Technological Autonomy : The SCE 0100 was developed by a company within Brazil’s own Defense Industrial Base (BID). Utilizing a domestically produced solution is a strategic move intended to reinforce technological autonomy and strengthen national sovereignty while addressing threats from low-cost, highly mobile equipment.
Jun 1, 2023 — ICA 100-40: Aeronaves não Tripuladas e o Acesso ao Espaço Aéreo Brasileiro (ICA 100-40: Unmanned Aircraft and Access to Brazilian Airspace): Centralized Regulatory Governance : Brazil maintains a centralized authority for UAS access through the DECEA, which serves as the central organ of the Brazilian Air Space Control System (SISCEAB). The primary goal of these regulations is to provide a safe framework for integrating UAS into the existing Air Traffic Management (ATM) environment without degrading the safety of manned operations. Digital Authorization via SARPAS : To manage the high volume of UAS activities, Brazil utilizes a specialized digital platform called SARPAS (Sistema para Solicitação de Acesso ao Espaço Aéreo Brasileiro por Aeronaves Não Tripuladas). This system allows for automated flight authorizations if the request meets specific safety parameters, such as distance from airfields and maximum altitudes, streamlining the process for compliant operators. Security Protections and Neutralization : The regulation classifies certain locations—such as refineries, prisons, and military installations—as "security areas" where overflights are generally restricted. In the interest of public safety, the source explicitly states that authorities are authorized to neutralize a UAS if it is identified as a threat to these sensitive areas. Additionally, unauthorized UAS operation near aerodromes is legally defined as an "Act of Illegal Interference".
Jun 1, 2023 — Requisitos Gerais para aeronaves não tripuladas de uso civil (General requirements for unmanned aircraft for civil use): Risk-Based Classification System : Brazil classifies Remotely-Piloted Aircraft (RPA) into three classes based on weight, which determines the level of certification and pilot licensing required. Class 1 includes aircraft over 150 kg, Class 2 covers those between 25 kg and 150 kg, and Class 3 encompasses aircraft 25 kg or less. Operations for Class 1 and 2 aircraft, as well as Class 3 flights above 400 feet, require specific licenses, ratings, and aeronautical medical certificates. Prohibition of Autonomous Operations : The regulations strictly prohibit autonomous operations, where the remote pilot cannot intervene. Every remotely piloted operation must allow for pilot intervention at any stage of the flight, though autonomous flight is permitted specifically as a "fail-safe" measure during a lost command-and-control link. This requirement ensures that a human operator remains legally and technically responsible for the aircraft's conduct at all times. Inter-Agency Regulatory Oversight : UAS operations in Brazil are governed by a multi-agency approach involving ANAC, DECEA, and the Ministry of Defense. While ANAC manages civil airworthiness and pilot requirements, the Department of Air Space Control (DECEA) controls access to the airspace, and the National Telecommunications Agency (ANATEL) regulates the frequencies used for command links. Security and emergency agencies (such as police and fire departments) are granted more flexible operational standards but must still conduct operational risk assessments.
Jan 1, 2026 — Colombia Defense National Anti-Drone Shield Project: Launch of a Massive National Defense Program : Colombia has officially established the National Anti-Drone Shield Project (Escudo Nacional Antidrones), a multi-phase initiative valued at approximately $1.68–1.7 billion. The program is designed to counter the increasing use of drones by armed groups and is built on three pillars: legislation and doctrine, training and operations, and technology. Significant Market Opportunity for U.S. Contractors : The project’s first phase is budgeted at approximately $260 million, making Colombia a major emerging buyer of counter-drone technology. The government is specifically seeking electronic warfare tools, command-and-control systems, and integrated training solutions, creating long-term opportunities for established defense firms. Strict Requirements for Technology Transfer and Testing : Colombian authorities have outlined 13 core criteria for potential contractors, moving beyond "off-the-shelf" purchases. Proposals must include technology transfer, mandatory software updates, and evidence that systems have been tested under Colombian operational conditions to ensure long-term sustainment.
International Trade Administration (ITA), United States of America
Presidente Petro ordenó priorizar la compra de sistema antidrones por $13 billones (President Petro ordered the prioritization of the purchase of an anti-drone system for $13 billion): Significant Financial and Strategic Prioritization : President Petro has ordered the Defense Minister to prioritize a $13 trillion peso investment in anti-drone systems above all other military purchases. This "immediate" acquisition is intended to provide protection for troops both at permanent military bases and during active field operations. Neutralizing the "Air Advantage" of Criminal Groups : The push for C-UAS technology is a direct response to drug trafficking organizations gaining ground through drone usage, which has eroded the traditional air advantage previously held by the Colombian military. The government views these systems as essential for preventing troops from being exposed to the sophisticated tactics of terrorist and drug organizations. Standardization for Ground Units : The Colombian administration now considers anti-drone weapons as fundamental equipment for every platoon operating in conflict zones. Petro emphasized that sending patrols into these areas without C-UAS capabilities is effectively sending them "straight to their death," making these weapons as critical as communication equipment and basic gear.
Dec 1, 2025 — Attack on military base in Aguachica, Cesar Colombia comprará sistemas antidrones usando la “urgencia manifiesta” tras atentado al Ejército en Aguachica, confirmó Gustavo Petro (Colombia will purchase anti-drone systems using the "manifest urgency" clause following the attack on the Army in Aguachica, Gustavo Petro confirmed.): Weaponized UAS by Non-State Actors : Illegal armed groups, specifically the ELN (National Liberation Army), are now utilizing drones equipped with improvised explosives to conduct lethal strikes on military infrastructure. A December 2025 attack on the Ricaurte military battalion in Aguachica, which involved drones and "tatuco-type" explosives, resulted in at least six deaths and dozens of injuries. Massive National Investment : To address the lack of prioritized defense systems, the Colombian government is planning a one trillion peso investment in anti-drone technology for the entire country. President Petro highlighted that previous casualties occurred specifically because the military lacked these essential tools. Expedited "Manifest Urgency" Procurement : To bypass traditional bureaucratic delays, Colombia is utilizing the "manifest urgency" clause (Law 80) to fast-track the purchase of c-UAS systems. This legal mechanism allows for the immediate contracting of resources when national security or service continuity is threatened by disasters or state-of-exception events.
Jul 1, 2025 — Ministerios TIC y de Defensa radican proyecto de Ley para regular el uso de drones en el país (Ministry of ICT and Defense file bill to regulate the use of drones in the country): Comprehensive Legislative Regulation : Colombia has introduced a bill to establish a formal regulatory framework governing the entire lifecycle of drone technology, including its import, manufacture, sale, registration, and possession. This initiative represents a coordinated effort between the Ministries of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), Defense, and Transportation to manage both UAS and anti-drone systems.
Response to Escalating Security Threats : The push for regulation is driven by a significant rise in drone attacks by criminal groups, which have increased by 138% compared to the previous year. These groups are targeting both security forces and the civilian population, creating an urgent need for legal protections and technical controls to safeguard critical infrastructure such as airports and communication towers.
Strategic Use of the Radio Spectrum : A central pillar of Colombia's counter-UAS strategy involves the Ministry of ICT acting as a technical authority to regulate the radio spectrum. This allows the government to define legal protocols for blocking the frequencies of drones used for malicious purposes, ensuring that countermeasures do not interfere with national telecommunications stability.
Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications (MinTIC), Colombia
Jul 1, 2025 — Gaceta del Congreso Nº 1221 (System of Regulations for Operation of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)): Comprehensive National Registration and Certification : Colombia is moving to establish a mandatory National Registry of Unmanned Aircraft Systems managed by Civil Aeronautics (UAEAC). This law requires all UAS operators—whether for commercial or non-profit use—to register their devices and obtain pilot suitability certificates, aiming to ensure accountability and minimize risks of accidents or illicit use. Multi-Agency Regulation of Antidrone Technology : The source explicitly addresses counter-UAS (antidrone) capabilities in Article 15, which mandates that technologies designed to deny the use of national airspace and the electromagnetic spectrum to drones must be regulated. This effort is a coordinated mandate involving the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications (MinTIC), and the National Spectrum Agency, among others. Security Threats as a Regulatory Driver : A significant motivation for these efforts is the rising threat of weaponized commercial drones used by non-state armed groups within the region. The source notes that groups such as FARC dissidents (EMC) have carried out dozens of attacks using drones rigged with explosives to target security forces and civilians, necessitating specialized military exemptions for defense-related UAS and stricter oversight for civilian models.
Apr 1, 2024 — RAC 100 – Reglamentación Operación de Sistemas de Aeronaves no Tripuladas (UAS) (System of Regulations for Operation of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)): Standardized Operational Categorization : Colombia classifies UAS operations into three distinct risk-based categories: Open (non-commercial, under 25kg), Specific (commercial or higher risk, up to 250kg), and Certified (complex operations similar to manned aviation). This framework requires all systems weighing 200 grams or more to be formally registered in a national database, ensuring that the State can identify and track drone owners and operators. Enforcement and State Control Powers : Under the National Code of Security and Citizen Coexistence, Colombian police authorities are explicitly empowered to suspend, prevent, or take control of a UAS using available technological means. These measures can be taken if a drone represents an imminent threat to public safety or if its operation violates existing regulations, allowing for the legal seizure of the device. Strict Zoning and Critical Infrastructure Protection : The regulation defines specific No-Fly Drone Zones (ZNVD) and prohibited areas where UAS operations are banned to protect national security. Notable restrictions include a total ban on flights within a 2-kilometer radius of the President of the Republic, as well as a 2-kilometer buffer zone around military bases, police stations, prisons, and critical national infrastructure.
Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics (Aeronáutica Civil), Colombia
May 1, 2025 — Penal de Cajamarca: agentes penitenciarios impiden que drone ingrese con sustancias prohibidas (Cajamarca prison: prison guards prevent drone from entering with prohibited substances): UAS as a Delivery Vector for Contraband : Small, commercial drones like the DJI AIR3S are being adapted to bypass physical prison walls. In this instance, the drone utilized a 70 cm string to carry a package containing "prohibited substances and objects" intended for inmates in Pavilion 5. Active Surveillance and Interdiction : Counter-UAS efforts rely on the vigilance of on-duty security personnel who monitor the airspace over prison pavilions. At the Cajamarca facility, guards were able to successfully identify, seize, and prevent the entry of the drone before it could complete its delivery. Inter-Agency Investigative Response : When a drone is intercepted, the response involves immediate coordination between the National Penitentiary Institute (INPE), the National Police of Peru, and the Public Prosecutor's Office to seal evidence and launch formal investigations. The INPE has stated it will continue to enforce security regulations to maintain order against such threats.
Nov 1, 2024 — Seguridad del APEC está garantizada con equipamiento tecnológico de última generación de la PNP (APEC security is guaranteed with state-of-the-art technological equipment from the Peruvian National Police): Strategic Deployment for Global Events : The Peruvian National Police (PNP) has integrated drones and anti-drone systems as a primary layer of security for high-level summits, such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Forum, to protect participating world leaders and the general public. Integration with Advanced Surveillance : These UAS and counter-UAS tools are part of a broader technological ecosystem that includes state-of-the-art visualization, high-level facial recognition, and explosive ordnance disposal robots designed to identify and neutralize illicit activities. Coordinated Inter-Agency Operations : The use of this technology is a multi-directorate effort, involving specialized units such as the Intelligence, Aviation, Traffic, and State Security Directorates of the PNP, often supported by traditional aerial patrols from EC 145 helicopters.
Mar 1, 2018 — Ley N° 30740 - Ley que regula el uso y las operaciones de los Sistemas de Aeronaves Pilotadas a Distancia (RPAS) (Law Regulating the Use and Operations of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems – RPAS): Centralized Oversight and Mandatory Registration : The Ministry of Transport and Communications, through the General Directorate of Civil Aeronautics (DGAC), is the sole authority responsible for licensing operators and regulating RPAS requirements. The law mandates a public and free registry for all aircraft and their owners, and non-recreational operators must obtain a pilot license to fly. Operational Restrictions and Prohibited Zones : To ensure the safety of people and manned aviation, the law explicitly prohibits unauthorized flights over urban spaces, high-density population areas, and protected natural zones. Furthermore, operations that violate citizen privacy or endanger the regularity of manned aerial operations are strictly forbidden and subject to sanctions under the Civil Aeronautics Law. Promotion of Research and Testing Zones : The Peruvian government encourages scientific research and technological innovation by establishing specific geographic zones for testing RPAS. These tests are aimed at advancing technologies such as collision avoidance, radio spectrum reuse, and flight compatibility, with the government offering tax benefits for UAS projects qualified as technological innovations.
Mar 1, 2015 — Requisitos para las Operaciones de Sistemas de Aeronaves Pilotadas a Distancia. (Requirements for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems Operations): Mandatory Registration and Pilot Accreditation : All civil RPAS owners in Peru are required to register their aircraft with the DGAC, providing technical details such as serial numbers and equipment descriptions. Furthermore, operators must obtain a transient accreditation, which requires being at least 18 years old and passing a basic aeronautical knowledge exam covering flight principles, meteorology, and regulations. Strict Operational and Safety Limits : To ensure the safety of other airspace users and people on the ground, the regulation imposes several "Limitaciones de Operación" (Operating Limitations). These include a 500-foot altitude ceiling, a maximum speed of 100 mph, a prohibition on night flights, and the requirement to maintain direct visual line of sight (VLOS) at all times. Defined Exclusionary Airspaces and State Exemptions : The source establishes clear categories for prohibited, restricted, and dangerous zones where drone flight is banned or strictly controlled to protect national interests. Notably, these civil regulations do not apply to State aircraft, meaning military, police, and customs operations are governed by different standards outside this specific civil framework.
Jan 1, 2026 — Third Meeting of the Mexico–U.S. Security Implementation Group: Collaborative Threat Assessment : Mexico and the United States are actively working together to advance their understanding of the global threats posed by unmanned systems as a core part of their joint security agenda. Focus on Detection and Mitigation : Operational cooperation includes sharing practical experiences with drone detection and mitigation exercises, which took place during a visit to the Unmanned Technology Operations Center (UTOC). Multi-Agency Strategic Involvement : Mexico’s approach to unmanned technology involves a coordinated inter-agency effort, including high-level representatives from the Ministry of Defense (SEDENA), the Navy (SEMAR), and intelligence and police research sectors.
Sep 1, 2025 — Persistent Threats: How Human Smugglers Are Exploiting Drone Technology Along the U.S.-Mexico Border: Criminal Adaptation and Precision Operations : Mexican cartels and Alien Smuggling Organizations (ASOs) have transitioned from high-volume smuggling to precision operations by integrating small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) into their tactics. These groups use drones for real-time surveillance of border patrols, allowing them to guide illegal crossings via live video feeds and gain an asymmetric advantage over traditional law enforcement. Flexible Counter-UAS Deployment in Mexico : Unlike the United States, which the source describes as having outdated regulatory frameworks, Mexican security forces at the local, state, and federal levels have already embraced a more flexible mindset toward counter-drone capabilities. It is now common for Mexican law enforcement units to be equipped with C-sUAS tools specifically to protect against cartel-operated drones used for surveillance and targeted attacks. Bilateral Strategic Cooperation : There is a growing emphasis on formalizing international partnerships to manage the drone threat. The source recommends the creation of a dedicated US-Mexico counter-drone program that would involve the Mexican National Guard—the lead agency for border enforcement—and state police forces to establish a joint mechanism for detecting and neutralizing drone activity.
Jack D. Gordon Institute for Public Policy, Florida International University
Jul 1, 2025 — DQUISICIÓN DE SISTEMA MÓVIL DE ANTIDRONES MONTADOS EN VEHÍCULOS TIPO VAN, SISTEMA FIJO DE ANTIDRONES, SISTEMA ESPECIALIZADO EN DETECCIÓN E INHIBICIÓN DE DRONES Y SISTEMA DE VIGILANCIA ÁEREO NO TRIPULADA (ACQUISITION OF MOBILE ANTI-DRONE SYSTEMS MOUNTED ON VAN-TYPE VEHICLES, FIXED ANTI-DRONE SYSTEM, SPECIALIZED SYSTEM FOR DRONE DETECTION AND JAMMING, AND UNMANNED AERIAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM): Integrated Multi-Layered Defense : The acquisition strategy involves a mix of fixed and mobile C-UAS systems to provide wide-area protection. By combining fixed installations with mobile units mounted on specialized vans, the state can protect static infrastructure while maintaining the flexibility to deploy anti-drone capabilities to different high-priority locations as needed. Technological Focus on Detection and Inhibition : The source specifies highly technical requirements for RF (Radio Frequency) detection and jamming, specifically citing systems like the DroneSentry-X MK2 and Skyfend SFL100. These systems must be capable of detecting threats from 3 to 5 kilometers away and inhibiting drone communication frequencies across multiple bands, including 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and GNSS signals. Simultaneous Adoption of UAS for Surveillance : Alongside counter-measures, the tender includes the purchase of specialized surveillance drones, such as the Matrice 4T, equipped with thermal infrared cameras, laser rangefinders, and high-resolution zoom capabilities. This demonstrates that regional security efforts are not just focused on stopping drones, but also on leveraging UAS for advanced aerial intelligence and monitoring.
Jun 1, 2025 — Mexican police in Chiapas unveil armed drones to combat cartels: Emergence of Armed UAS by Law Enforcement: State police in Chiapas, Mexico, have recently unveiled a fleet of armed drones designed to combat heavily armed drug cartels. These drones are versatile, with the capability to be equipped with firearms for tactical operations or tools for firefighting. Asymmetric "Arms Race" with Cartels: Mexican authorities are currently in an "arms race" to catch up with cartels that frequently use drones to drop improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Between 2020 and mid-2023, there were over 600 recorded attacks by drones equipped with explosives in Mexico, primarily in states like Guerrero and Michoacán. Operational Risks and Diplomatic Friction: The use of advanced UAS and pursuit of gunmen has led to international incidents, such as when Chiapas police entered neighboring Guatemala during a shootout. While these drones enhance surveillance and tactical capabilities, their rules of engagement remain undefined, raising concerns about potential escalation and the lack of clear policy frameworks in the region.
Jan 19, 2025 — El Gabinete de Seguridad del Gobierno de México informa acciones relevantes de los días 17, 18 y 19 de enero de 2025 (The Security Cabinet of the Government of Mexico reports relevant actions of January 17, 18 and 19, 2025): Active Interdiction of Anti-Drone Technology : Mexican security forces are actively seizing specialized counter-UAS hardware from criminal cells. In Teloloapan, Guerrero, the Mexican Army and National Guard recovered two units of anti-drone equipment alongside radio communication gear and weaponry. Dismantling of Illegal Surveillance Networks : Efforts to control the tactical environment include the removal of unauthorized surveillance infrastructure that complements drone usage. In Chiapas and Veracruz, authorities uninstalled 48 illegal video vigilance cameras and several control panels used by criminal groups to monitor territory. Seizure of Materials for Aerial Kinetic Attacks : The source documents the widespread recovery of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Notable seizures included 60 IEDs in Michoacán, 45 in Escuinapa, and 10 in Fresnillo, signaling a high volume of explosive material available for non-state tactical use.
Jan 1, 2025 — EQUIPOS Y APARATOS DE COMUNICACIONES Y TELECOMUNICACIONES (COMMUNICATIONS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS): Mandatory Licensing and Registration : The Peruvian government, through the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC) and the General Directorate of Civil Aeronautics (DGAC), requires all non-recreational or non-sporting drone operators to obtain a pilot license. Additionally, the state maintains a public and free registry of all aircraft and their owners to ensure accountability and safety. Operational Restrictions and Sanctions : To protect public safety and privacy, the law strictly prohibits flying over high-density urban areas, protected natural areas, or restricted zones without exceptional authorization. Violating citizen privacy or endangering manned flight operations can lead to fines and administrative sanctions as determined by the DGAC. Support for Research and Technological Innovation : The legislation actively promotes the development of UAS technology by establishing specific geographical zones for testing and scientific research. To further encourage innovation, the government offers tax benefits for RPAS-related projects that are qualified as scientific or technological research by CONCYTEC.
Subcommittee of Acquisitions for the public security, Michoacan de Ocampo, Mexico
Oct 1, 2024 — Mexico’s Narco Tanks Are Going From Impractical to Tactical: Integration of Signal Inhibitors : The newest generation of narco tanks features signal inhibitor systems specifically designed to disrupt and neutralize drones. This represents a significant technological leap from earlier, more primitive versions of these vehicles, shifting their purpose from mere protection to active electronic warfare on the battlefield. Enhanced Situational Awareness : To complement their defense against aerial and ground threats, these vehicles are now equipped with closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras. These systems provide operators with 360-degree vision from inside the armored hull, allowing them to monitor their surroundings without exposing themselves to sniper fire or drone-delivered explosives. Tactical Evolution of Non-State Actors : The use of these technologies by groups like the Jalisco Cartel New Generation (CJNG) demonstrates an evolution from using tanks as symbolic "status symbols" to employing them as functional tactical weapons. By utilizing lighter, military-grade steel illegally imported from the United States, these groups are creating more mobile units capable of supporting sophisticated electronic equipment.
Jul 1, 2024 — Sedena planea adquirir sistemas antidrones para frenar ataques del narco en seis estados del país (Mexico's Army plans to acquire anti-drone systems to curb drug cartel attacks in six states): Integrated Procurement of UAS and C-UAS : Sub-national governments in Latin America are seeking to bolster security by simultaneously acquiring high-end surveillance drones and the means to disable them. This tender specifically requires a "New Generation Drone" equipped with a Starlight night vision camera (H20N) alongside a "Portable Anti-Drone System" designed for detection and countermeasures. Emphasis on Portable Counter-Drone Capabilities : The source highlights a demand for all-in-one portable C-UAS technology that can detect and jam conventional drones operating on 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz frequencies. The specified system must be capable of radio detection and frequency jamming within a 1 km range, allowing security forces to visualize and control the airspace in real-time. Mandatory Operational Training and Certification : UAS/C-UAS efforts include a heavy focus on professionalization and training for security personnel. The winning provider is contractually obligated to implement a training course for operators that includes 30% theoretical and 70% practical instruction, led by instructors certified by a federal civil aviation agency.
Sep 1, 2022 — A Cartel Bodyguard in Mexico’s ‘Hot Land’: Offensive Deployment of Weaponized Drones : The Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG) utilizes drones to conduct aerial strikes against rival positions. These drones are modified to drop .60 mm grenades that are fashioned to detonate on impact. These aerial attacks target makeshift trenches and barricades, with the grenades capable of hitting targets within a 30-meter radius. This tactic forces rival soldiers into a state of "heightened alert," causing mental exhaustion as they must constantly listen for the low humming sound of approaching drones. Rudimentary Counter-UAS (C-UAS) Tactics : Rival factions, such as the United Cartels (Cárteles Unidos), rely on manual detection and small arms fire to neutralize aerial threats. When a drone is spotted, soldiers alert the group by screaming "Drone! Drone! Drone!" to signal others to take cover. Soldiers then attempt to shoot down the UAS using assault rifles. Successfully downing a drone is a significant morale booster, often marked by "celebratory yells" from the fighters. Intelligence and Propaganda Value : UAS serve a dual purpose for cartels as tools for intelligence gathering and media warfare. When a drone is shot down, groups prioritize retrieving it to examine its camera footage and determine if it was gathering intelligence on their movements or positions. Additionally, cartels use captured or downed drones as propaganda, showcasing them to media outlets that chronicle the conflict to demonstrate their success in neutralizing rival technology.
Sep 1, 2020 — El presente apartado contiene las ligas a la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM 107 SCT3 2019. (This section contains links to the Official Mexican Standard NOM 107 SCT3 2019.): Established Legal Framework : Mexico has implemented a specific official standard, NOM-107-SCT3-2019, which establishes the mandatory requirements for operating RPAS (drones) within Mexican airspace. Mandatory Pre-Operation Registration : Operators are required to register their drones with the Mexican Aeronautical Registry before beginning any flight operations. This process is managed online through the Federal Civil Aviation Agency (AFAC) to ensure all active drones are accounted for by the aeronautical authority. Strict Ownership Verification : The registration process requires high levels of accountability, requiring operators to submit proof of legal ownership or possession, along with digital copies of official identification for individuals or articles of incorporation for legal entities.
Oct 1, 2019 — NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-107-SCT3-2019, Que establece los requerimientos para operar un sistema de aeronave pilotada a distancia (RPAS) en el espacio aéreo mexicano. (Official Mexican Standard NOM-107-SCT3-2019, which establishes the requirements to operate a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) in Mexican airspace.): Comprehensive Legal Classification and Integration : Mexico has established the Official Mexican Standard NOM-107-SCT3-2019 to regulate the operation, registration, and commercialization of RPAS within its airspace. The standard categorizes these systems by Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) into three distinct groups—Micro (≤ 2 kg), Small (> 2 kg to 25 kg), and Large (> 25 kg)—with varying levels of requirements for training, pilot licensing, and airworthiness depending on whether the use is recreational, private non-commercial, or commercial. This framework is designed to integrate RPAS safely into non-segregated airspace alongside manned aircraft. Strict Operational Safety and Security Prohibitions : To protect public safety and national security, the regulation imposes rigorous geographic restrictions, such as requiring a minimum distance of 9.2 km from airports and 0.9 km from heliports for most operations. Furthermore, the standard explicitly prohibits the use of RPAS for transporting dangerous goods, prohibited substances, weapons, or explosives. Pilots are also restricted from operating in prohibited or restricted areas defined in aeronautical publications (PIA/AIP) without special authorization. Emphasis on Detection and Interference Protection : The source outlines specific security-oriented technological requirements and reporting mechanisms. It highlights the long-term goal of integrating detection and avoidance technologies and protecting communication spectra against unintentional or unlawful interference. Large RPAS are specifically required to have devices for automatic identification and systems that limit operation in prohibited zones. Additionally, the regulation encourages the immediate reporting of RPAS sightings around airports and heliports to the Aeronautical Authority to manage potential risks.