China’s approach to Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has evolved from focusing on trade and cooperation to viewing the region as strategically important. Chinese sources now frame LAC as a potential hub for military support and global space operations, especially involving Mexico, Argentina, and Chile. China also promotes its cybersecurity standards in the region, despite links to cyber intrusions. These efforts align with broader Chinese global strategies and may pave the way for a future security presence, positioning LAC as part of China’s extended “Far Seas Protection” strategy. 

Irregular migration from China, Russia, and Iran via Latin America to the U.S., driven by repression, conflict, and economic instability, raises security concerns. Despite limited direct state orchestration, potential state exploitation, ties to transnational criminal organizations, and gaps in response capabilities highlight the need for a coordinated approach.

Illegal Chinese Migration Routes StoryMap is an interactive narrative that showcases how illegal Chinese migrants make their journey to the United States.

Chinese criminal networks from Fujian province significantly influence illicit markets in the Americas through fentanyl trafficking, money laundering, marijuana cultivation, and wildlife trade, partnering with Mexican cartels. Their complex financial schemes challenge global enforcement, necessitating enhanced international responses.

Chile confronts rising transnational crime, including human trafficking, smuggling, narcotics, arms trade, and counterfeiting, exacerbated by weak enforcement, corruption, and porous borders. While the government remains committed to addressing these threats, comprehensive international cooperation, stronger legislation, and improved border security are critical for effectively combatting organized crime and safeguarding stability.

Peru, rich in natural resources like coca, copper, and gold, is increasingly impacted by transnational crime, violence, illegal mining devastation, and human trafficking. Drug smuggling via the Amazonian tri-border region heightens the crisis, challenging national stability and security.

Ransomware gangs and hacktivists employ advanced encryption and data exfiltration techniques, exploit software vulnerabilities, and use detection evasion methods. They are highly adaptable and capable of quickly modifying their tactics in response to new cyber defenses in the South American region.

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing threatens marine ecosystems and coastal livelihoods globally. This study identifies risky ports and transshipment hotspots favored by illicit vessels, highlighting the role of Chinese-affiliated ports and recommending targeted enforcement strategies to combat maritime crime effectively.